Three of the four of these pioneers died piloting their experimental craft, evidence of the dangers faced by the pioneers of flight. The first hang gliders flew during the late 1800s and were built and flown by famous pioneers such as the German engineer, Otto Lilienthal, Percy Pilcher of Scotland, and Octave Chanute and John Montgomery of the United States. The Rebirth of Hang Gliding The first heavier than air gliding flight likely took place in 1849 when Sir George Cayley launched his coachman in a flight across a valley in England. This drag and the resulting glider performance data were compared to data from Wills Wing. The drag of four Wills Wing gliders was independently estimated using classical techniques. Next, the performance of product line of the largest US based manufacturer, Wills Wing, will be analyzed. What follows is a brief history of the sport, followed by a technical summary of the key design aspects of the most popular style of hang glider, the flex-wing which evolved from the original work of Francis Rogallo and John Dickensen during the 1950s and 1960s.
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Introduction ang gliding is an aerial sport whose participant pilots believe comes the closest to humankind mimicking the H free flight of birds. Published by the, Inc., with permission.Ģ Nomenclature = angle of attack, degrees CD = drag coefficient CDi = inviscid induced drag coefficient due to wing planform and twist CDmisc = parasitic drag coefficient due to miscellaneous items CDprofile = profile drag coefficient CL = lift coefficient D = drag, pounds = flight path angle, degrees L = lift, pounds L/D = lift/drag = air density, slugs/ft3 q = dynamic pressure, pounds/ft Swing = Wing reference area, ft = pitch angle, degrees V = velocity, miles per hour Vg = velocity over the ground, miles per hour VG = variable geometry Vs = sink rate velocity, miles per hour I. Box 3707, Seattle, WA, 9814/Mail Stop 0-10, and AIAA Associate Fellow. 1 Boeing Associate Technical Fellow, 787 Product Development, P.O. The flex-wing product line of the Wills Wing company was evaluated in depth with a detailed build-up of drag and glide performance estimates shown. The rigid wings have structural design features more similar to traditional aircraft, offer improved glider performance, and utilize composite materials extensively in their structure, all at increased cost and weight. They now have very pleasing handling qualities, and are capable of multiple-hour flights over great distances. Since the 1970s they have evolved into much safer, higher performing wings.
The flex-wings are the most popular and are direct descendents of the wings developed by Francis Rogallo and John Dickensen. Current hang glider design falls into two primary genres: Flexible and rigid wings. This paper discusses these differences, including sail flexibility, structural design philosophy, and wing twist.
Hang glider structural and aerodynamic design features differ significantly from those of traditional aircraft design.
This paper will summarize hang glider technical development from the late 1800s to the current generation of designs. This sport experienced a rebirth in popularity during the 1970s with the advent of new, simple wings developed by pioneers like John Dickensen based on a wing concept developed through NASA engineer Francis Rogallo s work. 1 10th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference September 010, Fort Worth, Texas AIAA Hang Glider Design and Performance Paul Dees 1 Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Seattle, WA, 9814 Hang gliding represents a less known but sizable segment of the sport aviation community.
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